CanosExample report

Canine cfDNA MRD Monitoring Report

Lymphoma · serial plasma cell-free DNA assessment

Example report · patient details and all displayed results are illustrative.

1. Patient and specimen

Patient pseudonymC-014
AccessionMRD-014-T4
Species / breedDog · details withheld
Age / sexDetails withheld
Ordering veterinarianVeterinarian V-01
ClinicPractice P-01
SpecimenPlasma
Current collectionT4 · week 20
7 Sep 2026

1.1 Clinical information

Clinical indication: Lymphoma; minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring after treatment. Diagnostic baseline collected at T0.

1.2 Specimen suitability

Reportable

Specimen quality and sequencing data meet reporting requirements.

2. Result summary

CANCER-ASSOCIATED SIGNAL: DETECTED

A cancer-associated signal is detected at T4 after three consecutive negative visits. The molecular pattern is concordant with the patient's known lymphoma.

2.1 Cancer pattern and physiological-system agreement

Cancer patternLymphomaPositive agreement
Physiological systemHaematolymphoidPositive agreement
Current resultPositive · T4Estimated tumor fraction: 7.6%

The return of a signal warrants clinical review; it does not alone establish relapse.

Test history

Visit / collectionResultEst. TF
T0 · DiagnosisPositive18.4%
T1 · W4Negative0.3%
T2 · W8Negative0.2%
T3 · W12Negative0.4%
T4 · W20Positive7.6%

Tumor fraction over time

Illustrative tumor fraction: T0 18.4% positive; T1 0.3% negative; T2 0.2% negative; T3 0.4% negative; T4 7.6% positive.Estimated tumor fraction (%)0510152018.4T0W00.3T1W40.2T2W80.4T3W127.6T4W20PositiveNegative

Positive = signal detected; negative = signal not detected. Weeks are relative to diagnosis. Tumor fraction values illustrate the trend; the result considers the complete cfDNA profile. A negative result does not exclude residual disease.

CANOS · Example patient C-0141 / 4

3. Reference pattern overview

20 100 200 300 400 500 Fragment length (base pairs) 0 2.5 5 7.5 Relative fragment frequency (%) Short-fragment region cfDNA fragment-length distribution Non-cancer reference Cancer reference This sample
Integrated molecular feature context −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Reference-standardized feature value cfDNA concentration Short-fragment fraction Genome-wide imbalance Integrated molecular feature context Dogs without cancer Dogs with cancer This sample

4. Cancer type and physiological-system agreement

Hemangio- sarcoma Osteo- sarcoma Lymphoma Mast cell Melanoma Other Cancer-type molecular agreement Nervous Endocrine Cardio- vascular Respiratory GI Hepato- biliary Urinary Reproductive Musculo- skeletal Integu- mentary Hemato- lymphoid Physiological-system molecular agreement Positive agreement: lymphoma and hematolymphoid system
The strongest agreement is with lymphoma and the haematolymphoid system. Farther from the centre means stronger relative agreement. These illustrative profiles are not probabilities or a tissue diagnosis.

Clinical interpretation

The T4 signal follows an initially positive diagnostic sample and three negative follow-up samples. In a patient with treated lymphoma, this pattern raises concern for recurrent disease. Correlate with examination, routine laboratory findings and appropriate imaging or tissue assessment before changing treatment.

CANOS · Example patient C-014 · Illustrative results2 / 4
CANOSCancer detection & MRD monitoring
Test information
Liquid biopsy in canine oncology

Cancer detection and monitoring over time

CANOS examines plasma cell-free DNA for cancer-associated patterns. It supports cancer assessment and ongoing monitoring, with serial blood samples adding context to treatment response and MRD follow-up.

01
The sample

What is a liquid biopsy?

A liquid biopsy looks for disease-related material circulating in a body fluid. For CANOS, a routine blood draw is processed to separate plasma, the cell-free portion of blood.

Plasma contains DNA from tissues throughout the body. An initial sample supports cancer assessment; repeat collections follow molecular changes during and after treatment.

Liquid biopsy workflow showing a veterinary blood draw, blood collection tube, plasma separation by centrifugation, and laboratory report
From sample to report. Blood is collected, plasma is separated, and cfDNA is analysed to provide molecular context for veterinary assessment.
02
The analyte

What is cell-free DNA?

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is the collective name for short DNA fragments circulating outside intact cells.

Most cfDNA comes from ordinary cell turnover. Cancer can add tumor-derived fragments and alter the overall pattern. The amount detectable in blood can change with disease and treatment.

cfDNAAll measurable cell-free DNA in plasma, from normal and abnormal sources.
ctDNAThe tumor-derived portion of cfDNA. It may be below detection even when residual cancer is present.
CANOS signalAn integrated cfDNA pattern for cancer assessment, interpreted alongside earlier results when monitoring.
03
The laboratory pathway

From blood draw to CANOS report

1

Collect

Blood is collected in a tube designed to preserve circulating DNA.

2

Separate

Plasma is isolated and cfDNA quantity and quality are assessed.

3

Measure

Sequencing captures complementary features of plasma cfDNA.

4

Interpret

The result is reviewed with clinical findings and, for monitoring, earlier samples.

CANOS · Cancer detection & MRD
3 / 4
CANOSCancer detection & MRD monitoring
Test information
Interpretation in clinical context

From cancer assessment to follow-up

A first result adds molecular information to cancer assessment. Follow-up samples help clinicians interpret changes during treatment and look for persistent or returning signals afterwards.

Cancer detection

Performance at approximately 95% specificity

90.6%Sensitivity163 of 180 dogs with cancer classified positive. 95.1%Specificity117 of 123 non-cancer dogs classified negative. 90.6%RecallThe proportion of cancer cases detected; the same measure as sensitivity. 87.3%Negative predictive value (NPV)117 of 134 negative results were from non-cancer dogs in this study.

Figures describe cancer detection in the diagnostic subset of the 341-dog research dataset, using a threshold selected on cross-validated predictions. NPV varies with the population tested and is not a measure of remission or freedom from recurrence.

Result pathways

What happens after the report?

Signal detected

Investigate and review the trend

A detected signal can prompt further cancer investigation. After treatment, a persistent or returning signal raises concern for residual or recurrent disease. Review with clinical findings and appropriate imaging or tissue assessment; the blood result alone does not confirm diagnosis or relapse.

Signal not detected

Continue planned monitoring

A negative result does not exclude cancer or MRD. Continue appropriate assessment or planned follow-up. New symptoms or examination findings still warrant investigation, even when the blood result is negative.

Not reportable

Arrange a suitable next sample

If a specimen does not meet reporting requirements, no cancer classification is issued. The veterinary team can advise on recollection or another assessment. A not-reportable result is not a negative result.

Interpretive boundaries

Reading the result in context

  • False results can occur.Cancer can be present despite a negative result; a positive result may not lead to confirmation of active cancer.
  • Some tumors shed little DNA.Small-volume or treated disease may be below detection.
  • Other factors affect cfDNA.Non-cancer biology and sample handling can influence measurements.
  • Timing matters.Interpret changes alongside treatment dates and clinical assessments.
  • Agreement is molecular context.Cancer-type and system patterns are not a substitute for imaging or tissue assessment.
  • Each result reflects one visit.A negative result does not guarantee that cancer will remain undetectable. Follow the monitoring plan agreed with your veterinarian.